1974 Republican Vote Again Women Getting Mortgages
Many modernistic women in the U.s. and Europe never question their right to open a depository financial institution account, own belongings, or fifty-fifty buy wine or beer in a pub. These rights, nonetheless, were hard won: for much of history, and even up to xl years ago, heart-class women were not allowed to handle money; even having a job was seen as a sign of financial desperation. In the lastest addition to our Coin and Feminism series, we trace the modernistic history of women and money.
Ancient Arab republic of egypt, 3100 BCE and later: Women hold equal fiscal rights with men. As scholar Janet Johnson writes, "Egyptian women were able to acquire, to own, and to dispose of property (both real and personal) in their own name. They could enter into contracts in their own name; they could initiate civil courtroom cases and could, likewise, be sued; they could serve as witnesses in court cases; they could serve on juries; and they could witness legal documents." Women don't always exercise these rights, Johnson says, because of social factors.
Biblical era, 1800BC and afterwards): Under Jewish law, women have the right to own property and sue others in court without a human representing them. Wives can't inherit straight from their husbands – unless information technology is a gift or they take no children – but daughters tin inherit if they don't take brothers. The Book of Numbers, the fourth volume of the Hebrew Bible, lays down an early law of personal finance: "If a man die, and have no son, then ye shall cause his inheritance to pass unto his daughter." Sons who inherit are expected to use the manor to support the women in the family.
Aboriginal Hinduism, 1500BC and later: Women have the correct to control stridhan, or holding before marriage, which includes gifts from parents, friends and strangers as well as earnings from her own work. Divorce is not allowed and inheritance laws favor male family unit members.
Ancient Hellenic republic: Women's financial rights are constrained compared to earlier societies. Women are not allowed to inherit property or take a case to courtroom unless a male guardian is in charge. Women can, however, merchandise and appoint in industry, such as tavern-keeping, although piece of work in the classical watering hole is reserved for the lower classes.
Ancient Rome: The pendulum swings back as freeborn Roman women are allowed to divorce, own property and inherit. Divorce is like shooting fish in a barrel to get – presaging the Christian opposition to splitting up marriages – just the husband has the legal right to keep the children.
Byzantine Empire, AD565: The Justinian laws – named for the emperor, known as "the final Roman", who created a template for modern western civil law – permit women to exist married without a dowry. Some working women, including prostitutes and tavern-workers, practise not have the correct to marry Roman citizens and tin can just exist kept by Roman men as concubines. If a adult female cheats on her husband, he tin divorce her and "keep the pre-nuptial gift, the dowry and one tertiary of whatsoever other property she possessed". Justinian's wife, the Empress Theodora, a former actress and wool-spinner, left her jobs when the emperor courted her. She is widely credited with influencing him to aggrandize property and divorce rights for women.
The Middle East, AD600s: Islam is founded in Arabia and allows women the right to inherit estates, own property and initiate divorce. As in Jewish police, when a parent dies the eldest son receives a double share of the inheritance. Men tin inherit one-half their wives' estates, unless they have a child, in which case men simply get 25% of the estate.
Europe, 800s: Anglo-Saxon laws allow women to own their ain property, before and later marriage. In Norse societies, women are too immune to conduct concern as equals with men.
England, 1100s: English mutual law, a combination of Anglo-Saxon and Norman traditions, leads to the creation of coverture, which is the conventionalities that married men and women are one financial entity. As such, married women cannot own property, run taverns or stores or sue in courtroom. Those financial rights could be enjoyed, however, by widows and spinsters. Over fourth dimension, coverture is corrupted into the view that women are property of their husbands.
Americas, 1718: In Pennsylvania, women are able to own and manage property – if their husbands are incapacitated.
Russia, 1753: Russian women are granted the right to what's known as a "split economy": the ability to earn their own income and retain it for her ain use, independent of her husband. That meant he couldn't demand that she plough information technology over to him to drink or gamble with, or, say, to back up a mistress. A lilliputian over a decade later, Catherine the Great establishes the showtime state-financed establishment of higher education for women, the Smolny Institute in St Petersburg.
Americas, 1771: New York becomes the showtime US state to crave a adult female's consent if her husband tries to sell property that she brought to a marriage. The act too required the approximate to meet privately with the adult female to reassure himself that the signature wasn't forged or her consent coerced.
French republic, 1791: Revolutionary France gives women equal inheritance rights (although they lose them later, when the monarchy is restored).
US, 1839: Mississippi allows women to own property in their own names. It is the kickoff land to exercise so.
U.s., 1844: Married women in Maine get the outset in the US to win the right to "split up economy".
U.s., 1845: Women gain the right to file patents in New York.
US, 1848: Wife'southward Property Act is passed in New York. It is later used as a model for other states, all of which pass their own versions by 1900. For the commencement time, a adult female wasn't automatically liable for her husband's debts; she could enter contracts on her own; she could collect rents or receive an inheritance in her own right; she could file a lawsuit on her own behalf. She became for economic purposes, an individual, every bit if she were yet single.
Republic of iceland, 1850: Iceland becomes first country to institute unconditional equal inheritance rights.
US, 1862: The US Homestead Act makes information technology easier for unmarried, widowed and divorced women to claim country in their own names.
In the same twelvemonth, the California passed a law that established a state savings and loan industry that as well guaranteed that a woman who made deposits in her own name was entitled to keep control of the money. The state recognized the full financial independence of women – and in 1862 the San Francisco Savings Marriage approved a loan to a woman.
UK, 1870: Great britain passes the Married Women'due south Property Act.
US, 1872: Illinois grants freedom of occupational choice to both men and women. But when Myra Colby Bradwell, who studied every bit her married man's law amateur to pass the Illinois bar, tries to exercise equally a lawyer, the US supreme court rules in 1873 that the state doesn't take to grant a police force license to a wife.
US, 1880: Mary Gage opens a stock exchange for women who want to use their own money to speculate on railroad stocks. Meanwhile, notorious cheapskate Hetty Green, aka "the Witch of Wall Street", is consolidating her ain fortune.
France, 1881: France grants women the right to own bank accounts; 5 years later, the correct is extended to married women, who are allowed to open accounts without their husbands' permission. The Us does not follow suit until the 196os, and the UK lags until 1975.
US, 1908: Oregon limits the workday for women to 10 hours – with the implication that women are too delicate to piece of work much longer than that, or they are needed at abode.
Us, 1919: Offset Women'due south Bank of Tennessee (Clarksville) opens to cater to women customers only. While the depository financial institution employees and directors were women, its shareholders were male.
US, 1921: Alice Mary Robertson of Oklahoma becomes the second adult female in Congress, running on an anti-feminist platform including an opposition to women's right to vote and didactics on maternity and childcare. She saves special scorn for the League of Women Voters "or any other organisation that volition be used as a society confronting men" and says "I came to Congress to represent my commune, non women." Showing that having and getting money are crucial for all women, even in politics, she loses her seat for not appropriating enough cash for her district. She serves for two years before being voted out of office.
UK and Us, 1922: The Uk finally allows equal inheritance.
In the US, suffragette and activist Rebecca Felton, of Georgia, becomes the kickoff woman to get a US senator. At 87-years-old, she serves for 1 day. She calls out southern men for an excess of chivalry and too petty concern for women'south rights, writing, "honeyed phrases are pleasant to mind to, but the sensible women of our land would prefer more substantial gifts."
US, 1924: Wyoming elects the nation'south start female governor, Nellie Tayloe Ross.
US, 1938: The federal minimum wage is born with the Fair Labor Standards Act, wiping out mutual pay differences between men and women for hourly jobs.
UK, 1956: Civil service reforms in Great britain give men and women who are teachers and have other regime jobs the right to equal pay.
India, 1961: India bans dowries for women earlier marriage and allows women to sue if her husband'due south family harass her for the money. The anti-dowry law goes largely ignored.
US, 1963: The US passes the first legislation requiring equal pay for equal work, only it would need to be expanded in 1972 to salespeople, executives, administrators, etc.
US, 1967: Lyndon B Johnson's 1965 affirmative action benefits are expanded to encompass women.
U.s.a. and United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland, 1968: Information technology becomes illegal to identify aid wanted ads specifying gender in the US; in the United kingdom, a strike leads to the 1970 Equal Pay Act.
US, 1969: Colgate-Palmolive lays women off from their jobs rather than put them in concrete work, "to protect our ladies". In Bowe v Colgate-Palmolive, an appeals court rules concrete labor cannot exist limited to men.
US, 1970: Schultz v Wheaton Glass: a federal appeals courtroom decision makes information technology illegal for a company to change a chore's championship then that they could pay women who held the position less than male workers.
US, 1972: Katharine Graham, scion of the company that owns the Washington Post, becomes the first adult female to become CEO of a Fortune 500 visitor.
1974: Equal Credit Opportunity Human activity passes in the US. Until then, banks required single, widowed or divorced women to bring a man forth to cosign any credit application, regardless of their income. They would also discount the value of those wages when because how much credit to grant, by as much as 50%.
US, 1975: The get-go woman-owned commercial banking concern opens in New York Urban center – First Women'southward Bank, at which Betty Friedan had an account.
Ireland, 1976: Irish women are finally able to own their own homes outright.
US, 1978: The Pregnancy Discrimination Act is passed in the U.s.a.. Until the law was put into effect, women could still legally be dismissed from their jobs for becoming pregnant.
US, 1980: Sexual harassment is first defined by the Equal Employment Opportunity Committee, although a court had heard the first example in 1977.
United states of america, 1981: The last vestiges of a hubby beingness able to keep a wife in the dark (at least legally) vanish, thanks to Kirchberg v Feenstra. A married man is told he doesn't have the right to unilaterally take out a second mortgage on property held jointly with his wife.
United kingdom, 1982: Women are immune to spend their money in English pubs without being refused service.
France, 1983: France requires companies with more than than 50 employees to carry out comparative bacon surveys.
Nihon, 1985: Japan passes an equal employment opportunity law, although the lack of penalties draws criticism.
UK, 1986: The U.k. enables women to retire at the aforementioned historic period every bit men (and take well-compensated factory night shifts)
The states, 1993: The Family and Medical Leave Act becomes police force in the US.
US, 2007: The supreme court rules in Ledbetter v Goodyear that women have to sue for discriminatory pay every bit soon as it occurs and can't bring a lawsuit for pay discrimination if more than 180 days have passed. The case was based on Lilly Ledbetter'southward career at Goodyear, where subsequently decades of work, her pay every bit a supervisor was lower than the lowest-paid human of comparable seniority.
Norway, 2008: Norway requires companies to ensure that xl% of its board members are women.
Usa, 2009: President Barack Obama signs the Lilly Ledbetter Off-white Pay Restoration human activity, which allows people to sue companies for pay discrimination even if more vi months have passed.
The states and India, 2013: The National Women'south Constabulary Center publishes a critical progress report near the wage gap between men and women titled "50 Years and Counting: The Unfinished Business of Achieving Off-white Pay".
In Republic of india, statistics suggest that, on average, i adult female is killed every hour in a dispute over a dowry.
United states, 2014: Most two-thirds of minimum-wage workers are women and the motility to heighten the wage sweeps the country. In a success for the US "Fight for 15" movement, Seattle raises its minimum wage to $15, and several other cities and states enhance their minimum wage ceilings too – simply many still lag, and the federal minimum wage is nonetheless at $7.25 an hour, or a poverty-level wage. Minimum-wage bills languish in both the House and Senate.
Sources and further reading are linked where applicative.
Source: https://www.theguardian.com/money/us-money-blog/2014/aug/11/women-rights-money-timeline-history
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